Do not assume that because it works on your own system, it must work on everyone else's. Most likely, it only worked for some users (primarily Windows and Firefox), but many others were left out. I then used the cert.pem file to install the cert back at my host It all worked rather smoothly While an incomplete chain will often work for HTTPS, it will not work for things like SMTP or IRC. Some web browsers have alternative mechanisms for this – for example, Firefox keeps a cache of "previously seen" intermediates, while Windows tries to download intermediates using the AIA URL in your certificate.īut not all browsers do this, and importantly, most non-web TLS clients don't have any such alternatives at all. If any of the intermediates is missing, the client no longer has enough information to verify the rest.įor HTTPS, the primary method is to have the server send all of its chain certificates – because the server is supposed to already have them. This means that the client must have all intermediate certificates in order to complete the chain between a root CA. you cannot directly verify the server cert's signature using just the root CA – there is no direct cryptographic relationship between the two). However, to verify each certificate's signature, you need to have the immediately preceding certificate (e.g. This way they don't need to be updated every time a CA changes its infrastructure – only when the CAs themselves are added or removed. Most TLS clients (browsers, operating systems) only come with the root certificate pre-installed. The intermediate CAs, stored online, sign the server (end-entity) certificates.įor example, here's a diagram by Let's Encrypt, whose hierarchy usually is: Root: "DST Root CA X3" (or possibly "ISRG Root X1").The root CA certificate, stored securely offline, signs intermediate (issuing) CA certificates.My question is what are the "chain" files used forĪll WebPKI certificate authorities have at least a two-tier system: (Not to mention the manual installation itself – you will have to automate this.) You should've received a "fullchain.pem" file containing everything in the correct order, not as several separate files. This is a special account that will never be deleted and is therefore designed for hosting long-term shared data on Strathcloud.Your Certbot output is slightly unusual. If you do not want data to be deleted when the host of the folder leaves the University, then you should ask your local IT support to create the shared folder for you under a " hosting account". If the person who originally shares files leaves the University, their files will be deleted along with their DS account. Long-term file sharing on Strathcloud requires planning. If you're not sure how to do this, you can search the Citrix website for further information. on a short-term basis, by creating a folder yourself and giving someone else permissions.on a one-off basis by emailing someone a link to a file.Strathcloud makes it really easy to share files: įor more information on how to migrate, visit the M365 Training and Support page. Note: the Strathcloud service for accessing your H: and i: drives when off-campus, will be retained after. We recommend using Microsoft 365 storage ( OneDrive, Teams, SharePoint). Data remaining on Strathcloud after this date will be deleted automatically. If you wish to retain data currently stored on Strathcloud, you must migrate the data to an alternative storage service by. Please see the Connect remotely to your H: or i: network drive page to view alternative services. The Strathcloud service for accessing your H: and i: drives when off-campus is no longer available. **Strathcloud was decommissioned on 31 August 2023.įor a quick and easy guide to choosing between the above systems, please use our File Storage Selector tool.
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